Biological Fixed Film

Removal of ammonia from drinking water by biological nitrification in a fixed film reactor

A comparative study of anaerobic fixed film baffled reactor and up-flow anaerobic fixed film fixed bed reactor for biological removal of diethyl phthalate from wastewater: a performance, kinetic, biogas, and metabolic pathway study

BACKGROUND Phthalic acid esters, including diethyl phthalate (DEP), which are considered as top-priority and hazardous pollutants, have received significant attention over the last decades. It is vital for industries to select the best treatment technology, especially when the DEP concentration in wastewater is high. Meanwhile, anaerobic biofilm-based reactors are considered as a promising opti...

Effects of integrated fixed film activated sludge media on activated sludge settling in biological nutrient removal systems.

Integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) is an increasingly popular modification of conventional activated sludge, consisting of the addition of solid media to bioreactors to create hybrid attached/suspended growth systems. While the benefits of this technology for improvement of nitrification and other functions are well-demonstrated, little is known about its effects on biomass settleabi...

A Biological Analysis of a Sequence Batch Reactor, Investigating the Use of Fixed-Film Media to Increase Treatment Efficiency

The Cromaglass® Corporation, based in Williamsport, PA, manufactures Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) systems for domestic wastewater treatment. A Cromaglass® CA-60, capable of treating 6,000 gallons of wastewater per day, was installed in 2005 at Hepburn-Lycoming Elementary School, part of the Williamsport School District. This SBR was the subject of a study by the Lycoming College Clean Water Ins...

4Pi-confocal imaging in fixed biological specimens.

By combining the wavefronts produced by two high-aperture lenses, two-photon 4Pi-confocal microscopy allows three-dimensional imaging of transparent biological specimens with axial resolution in the 100-140-nm range. We reveal the imaging properties of a two-photon 4Pi-confocal microscope as applied to a fixed cell. We demonstrate that a fast, linear point deconvolution suffices to achieve axia...